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Why is it necessary to call restore() on a Sinon stub before invoking any assertion logic? Check out the Sinon stub documentation to see if you can figure out why.

A stub is like a spy, but replaces the real function with behavior you specify.

A mock is like a fake function, but with expectations you specify, such as how many times the function is called and with what arguments.

A fake is a spy object that does nothing but pretend to be a real function, so that it can record information about that function.

A spy wraps a real function in order to record information about it, like how many times it was called and with what arguments.

YouвЂ™re likely to run across it, so letвЂ™s take a look here. One such library called Sinon is very popular. Fortunately, the Node community has developed several packages for test doubles.

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Writing such code yourself risks creating technical issues. This could happen when the production code needs to connect to a database, or when you need to obtain the precise system time, as youвЂ™ll see shortly. Test doubles are useful when itвЂ™s inconvenient, or even impossible, to run test cases against production code. Sinon: A library of test doublesДЄ test double is a block of code that replaces some portion of production code for testing purposes. The example in Listing 2 might not look much different from the first test suite, but using ChaiвЂ™s BDD-style assertion syntax makes the test more readable.

The simplest possible test suite contains just one test: WeвЂ™ll come back to these later in the tutorial. A description that appears in the test report.describe() denotes an arbitrarily nested grouping of test cases (a describe() can contain other describe()s).To tell Mocha your JavaScript code is a test, you use special keywords that are part of MochaвЂ™s test API: For this tutorial, I donвЂ™t have time to introduce both, so I chose Mocha. Jest is another popular testing framework for Node. Mocha is one of the most popular testing frameworks for JavaScript, so youвЂ™re very likely to come across it in your development. Test reporting, to log what happened when the tests were run.The test lifecycle, which defines what happens before, during, and after a test is run.Test discovery, to determine which JavaScript files are test code.

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A test API, which specifies how to write test code.

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Mocha: A test frameworkДЄ test framework is software that defines and provides several things: TheyвЂ™re just a few of the more popular tools, which also happen to work very well together. These are by no means the only testing tools available in the Node ecosystem. In the next sections, I introduce you to the tools we use for automated testing in this tutorial. This results in longer test cycles that are susceptible to human error, including forgetting to run a test.

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From that point forward, it should run predictably.Д¬ontrast this to manual testing, where you have to remember to run all of your test cases every time you change something. If you make a mistake when writing a test case, you can debug the test case itself, since itвЂ™s code. Should you forget to write a test case, you can simply add it to the collection later. You can also add new test cases to your test suite (your collection of test cases) any time you need to. You write test cases up front, and then the computer can run them over and over again against the code you are testing. Writing test cases in the form of code leads to higher code quality because it reduces the possibility of human error in the testing process.

Run your test cases against the code under test until all the test cases pass.ДЄutomated testing has a few key advantages:.

Write the code to implement your application requirements.

Write your test cases, meaning code that is governed by your application requirements.

HereвЂ™s the test process in a nutshell (note that I advocate test-driven development): Automated testing is the act of letting the computer run this check for you, rather than doing it manually. The code you need to follow along with the examples in this tutorial is in my GitHub repo.ДЇor the purpose of this tutorial, testing is the act of checking your code against program requirements to ensure the two match. YouвЂ™ll also be introduced to some of the most popular tools for test automation in Node:ДЄll of these tools are part of the npm ecosystem and can be plugged into your npm lifecycle. In this tutorial, learn how to automate testing and linting in order to build error-free Node.js applications. And the best thing about testing and linting? Both processes can be fully automated. Testing and linting (running a tool to spot potential errors in your code) are just two of the many actions you can take to ensure the quality of your code. Updated Novem| Published January 16, 2019Д®rror-free code is critical to keeping your apps and business processes running smoothly.

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